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Commit cec5efe1 authored by Timon Idema's avatar Timon Idema
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Fixed figs. (Greek letters & size) in chs. 10-12.

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......@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ The pressure given in equation {eq}`hydropressure` is known as the *hydrost
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/hydrostaticpressure.svg
:name: fig:hydrostaticpressure
:width: 300px
Calculation of the hydrostatic pressure at depth $z$.
```
......@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ Unlike gases, which you can easily compress, all liquids are nearly *incompressi
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/hydrauliclever.svg
:name: fig:hydrauliclever
:width: 300px
Illustration of the hydraulic lever, which exploits Pascal's principle to raise heavy objects with small forces.
```
......@@ -96,6 +98,7 @@ $$ (completewetting)
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/wettingangle.svg
:name: fig:wettingangle
:width: 400px
Surface tensions on three interfaces, balancing at a contact point.
```
......@@ -111,6 +114,7 @@ Note that $h \sim 1/r$: the capillary effect is stronger for narrower tubes.
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/capillaryforce.svg
:name: fig:capillaryforce
:width: 500px
Capillary forces.
```
......@@ -128,6 +132,7 @@ We call the 'outside observer picture' the *Eulerian reference frame*. An often-
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/streamlines2.svg
:name: fig:streampathlines
:width: 500px
Visualization of fluid flow. (a) Streamlines and a flow tube. (b) A flow field in two dimensions, with streamlines (in red) and pathlines (in green).
```
......@@ -182,6 +187,7 @@ In addition to the volume flow rate, we can also define the mass flow rate $R_\m
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/continuity.svg
:name: fig:continuitypipe
:width: 300px
If an incompressible fluid flows through this narrowing pipe, the volume flow per second cannot change. Therefore, in the narrower section of the pipe the fluid's speed must be larger.
```
......@@ -236,6 +242,7 @@ Because, in contrast to gases, liquids are essentially incompressible, for liqui
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/continuitybox.svg
:name: fig:continuitybox
:width: 300px
Flux $\phi$ into (red) and out of (blue) a small volume of fluid.
```
......@@ -272,6 +279,7 @@ Equations {eq}`Bernoulli1` and {eq}`Bernoulli2` are two versions of **
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/streamlinesbernoulli.svg
:name: fig:bernoulliflowtube
:width: 400px
Flow tube for Bernoulli's equation. The green fluid elements are identical, which means that they contain the same amount of fluid, and, for an incompressible fluid, the same volume. Conservation of energy will give us a relation between the relevant physical quantities at the two different points of the flow shown here.
```
......@@ -337,6 +345,7 @@ The corresponding flow is visualized with streamlines in {numref}`fig:potentialf
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/potentialflowpastcylinder.svg
:name: fig:potentialflowpastcylinder
:width: 300px
Streamlines of the ideal potential flow past a rigid sphere.
```
......
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......@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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......@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ Stress is usually denoted by&nbsp;$\sigma$. There are different conventions for
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/stressstrainplot.svg
:name: fig:stressstrainplot
:width: 400px
Stress as a function of strain for a typical object.
```
......@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ Note that the Poisson ratio&nbsp;$\nu$ is a dimensionless quantity. For two-dime
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/Poissoneffect.svg
:name: fig:Poissonratio
:width: 300px
Possion effect: a tangential stress in one direction causes the object to extend in that direction, and compress in the directions perpendicular to it. The Poisson ratio&nbsp;$\nu$ is defined as the ratio of the changes in the lengths in these directions (or more precisely, as the ratio of the changes in their strains), equation&nbsp;{eq}`defPoissonratio`.
```
......@@ -192,6 +194,7 @@ and the viscosity&nbsp;$\eta$ is the proportionality factor between the stress a
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/plateshear.svg
:name: fig:plateshear
:width: 450px
Plate shear experiment. An amount of fluid is held between two solid plates. The bottom plate is fixed, the top plate moves to the right with a velocity $v_\mathrm{top}$, resulting in a displacement $\mathrm{d}x$ per time interval $\mathrm{d}t$.
```
......@@ -204,6 +207,7 @@ A final important class is that of *viscoelastic* materials. For these materials
```{figure} images/continuumdynamics/shearratestress.svg
:name: fig:shearratestress
:width: 400px
Stress vs. strain rate for various kinds of fluids and a Bingham plastic, an intermediate between fluids and solids.
```
......
......@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ By observing a particle, we know in which direction it moves at any given time.
```{figure} images/oscillationsandwaves/wavetypes.svg
:name: fig:wavetypes
:width: 450px
Two basic types of waves. (a) Longitudinal wave, where the oscillatory motion of the particles is in the same direction as that of the wave. (b) Transverse wave, where the oscillatory motion of the particles is perpendicular to that of the wave.
```
......@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ $$ (wavespeed)
```{figure} images/oscillationsandwaves/simplesinusoidalwave.svg
:name: fig:simplesinusoidalwave
:width: 300px
A sinusoidal transverse wave in space (a) and time (b). The distance between two successive maxima (or any two successive points with equal phase is the *wavelength*&nbsp;$\lambda$ of the wave. The maximum displacement is the *amplitude*&nbsp;$A$, and the time it takes a single point to go through a full oscillation is the *period*&nbsp;$T$.
```
......@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ To illustrate, let us consider two one-dimensional waves traveling in opposite d
```{figure} images/oscillationsandwaves/interference.svg
:name: fig:interference
:width: 300px
Two interacting wave packets. The sequence of images shows four snapshots. The blue wave is traveling to the right, the red wave to the left (a). When the waves overlap, the total displacement of the particle is given by the sum of the displacements due to both waves, shown in green. This can lead to both *constructive interference* (b), when the two waves are in phase, and *destructive interference* (c), when their phases are opposite. The waves themselves are not affected by the interaction and afterwards travel on as if nothing has happened (d).
```
......
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